Turbine assembly including at least one superhard bearing

ABSTRACT

Bearing members, such as journal bearings, and turbine assemblies for use in high speed, high horsepower applications (e.g., turbochargers, jet engines, internal combustion engines, blowers, steam turbines, compressors, and pumps) including a rotatable shaft, a compressor wheel coupled to the shaft (e.g., at one end), a turbine wheel spaced from the compressor wheel, the turbine wheel also being coupled to the shaft (e.g., at another end), and at least one bearing member having a superhard bearing surface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/780,405 filed on 13 Mar. 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein, in its entirety, by this reference.

BACKGROUND

Journal and thrust-bearing assemblies are employed in a variety of high speed and/or high horsepower applications, such as turbochargers, jet engines, internal combustion engines, etc.

Despite the availability of a number of different bearing apparatuses for such applications, manufacturers and users continue to seek bearing apparatuses that exhibit improved performance characteristics.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the invention relate to turbine assemblies for use in one or more of high horsepower, high speed, or high load engine applications that include at least one superhard bearing, such as one or more superhard journal and/or thrust-bearing assemblies. Examples of such engine applications include, but are not limited to turbochargers, jet engines, internal combustion engines, blowers, steam turbines, compressors, and pumps.

According to an embodiment, a turbine assembly includes a rotatable shaft, a compressor wheel coupled to the shaft (e.g., at one end), and a turbine wheel spaced from the compressor wheel and coupled to the shaft (e.g., at another end). The assembly further includes at least one bearing member (e.g., at least one thrust-bearing member or at least one radial bearing assembly). In an embodiment, the turbine assembly includes at least one thrust-bearing member. In an embodiment, the turbine assembly includes at least one radial bearing member. In another embodiment, the turbine assembly includes at least one thrust-bearing member and at least one radial bearing assembly.

In another embodiment, the turbine assembly includes two thrust-bearing members and/or two radial bearing assemblies. In another embodiment, the turbine assembly includes two thrust-bearing members and two radial bearing assemblies. The first thrust-bearing member and first radial bearing assembly may be associated with the compression wheel, while the second thrust-bearing and second radial bearing assembly may be associated with the turbine wheel. For example, the first thrust-bearing member may be disposed about the shaft (e.g., adjacent to the compressor wheel), while the second thrust-bearing member is similarly disposed about the shaft (e.g., adjacent to the turbine wheel). Each thrust-bearing member includes a superhard thrust-bearing surface (e.g., polycrystalline diamond). Each radial bearing assembly is also disposed about the shaft adjacent to a respective one of the thrust-bearing members. For example, the first and second thrust-bearing members may be disposed inwardly on the shaft, between the two wheels, with the radial bearing assemblies disposed between the thrust-bearing members. Each radial bearing assembly includes a radial bearing stator and radial bearing rotor. The rotor is coupled to the shaft, and includes a radial superhard bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the radial superhard bearing surface of the stator. The radial bearing stators may further include a thrust-bearing surface (e.g., a generally planar surface) oriented generally opposed to the thrust-bearing surface of the corresponding thrust-bearing member. In other words, the stators may include both radial and planar bearing surfaces.

Because the bearing surfaces of the thrust-bearing members and radial bearing members include a superhard material, the bearing surfaces may provide substantially increased wear resistance as compared to conventional materials. In an embodiment, the bearing surfaces include polycrystalline diamond that may provide excellent wear resistance. Such configurations may also provide very high thermal conductivity to quickly draw heat away from the bearing surfaces to a lubricating fluid (e.g., oil) that may be disposed about the bearing surfaces.

Features from any of the disclosed embodiments may be used in combination with one another, without limitation. In addition, other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art through consideration of the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings illustrate several embodiments of the invention, wherein identical reference numerals refer to identical or similar elements or features in different views or embodiments shown in the drawings.

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a turbine assembly according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 1 taken along line 2-2 thereof.

FIG. 3A is an exploded isometric view of the assembly of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3B is an exploded isometric view of another assembly according to another embodiment.

FIG. 4A is a close-up isometric view of a thrust-bearing member of the assembly of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4B is a close-up isometric view of another embodiment of a thrust-bearing member.

FIG. 5A is a close-up, exploded, isometric view of a radial bearing assembly of the assembly of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B is a close-up, exploded, isometric view of the radial bearing assembly of FIG. 5A, but from a different angle.

FIG. 5C is a close-up, exploded, isometric view of another embodiment of a radial bearing assembly.

FIG. 6 is a close-up, exploded, isometric view of a radial bearing assembly according to another embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a turbine assembly including a thrust-bearing member.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a turbine assembly including radial bearing members.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a turbine assembly including combination thrust/radial bearing members.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a turbine assembly including two sets of radial bearing members.

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a turbine assembly including combination thrust/radial bearing members.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention relate to turbine assemblies including at least one superhard bearing for use in forced induction high speed engines such as turbochargers, jet engines, internal combustion engines, blowers, steam turbines, compressors, and pumps. For example, such turbine assemblies may include one or more superhard journal and thrust-bearing assemblies. The bearing surfaces within such assemblies may include a superhard material, such as polycrystalline diamond, which may provide increased wear resistance as well as may provide improved thermal management characteristics. For example, thermal management characteristics may be particularly improved where the bearing surfaces include diamond, which has a relatively high thermal conductivity.

The bearing surfaces may be in the form of polycrystalline diamond (“PCD”), which may be attached to a substrate to form a polycrystalline diamond compact (“PDC”). For example, in any of the embodiments disclosed herein the bearing surfaces that employ PCD and/or a PDC may be formed and/or structured as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,516,804; 7,866,418; 8,236,074; and 8,297,382; which are incorporated herein, in their entirety, by this reference. Furthermore, in any of the bearing surfaces that use PCD, a catalyst used to form the PCD (e.g., cobalt) may be leached to a selected depth from the bearing surface. In an embodiment, other forms of diamond may also be employed, such as natural diamond, other synthetic diamond, a diamond-silicon carbide composite as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,573 that is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference, diamond deposited by chemical vapor deposition, diamond or diamond-like carbon (e.g., amorphous carbon) deposited by physical vapor deposition, or other deposition technique.

PCD includes a plurality of directly bonded-together diamond grains exhibiting diamond-to-diamond therebetween (e.g., sp³ bonding) and defining a plurality of interstitial regions therebetween. Typical PCD elements may be formed in a high-pressure/high-temperature (“HPHT”) process in which a volume of diamond particles is placed with a metal-solvent catalyst (e.g., typically cobalt, nickel, iron, or combinations thereof) into a container or cartridge. The metal-solvent catalyst may be provided in the form of a metal-solvent catalyst-cemented carbide (e.g., cobalt cemented tungsten carbide) substrate to which a PCD element is to be bonded. When a substrate is employed, the substrate and volume of diamond particles are processed under HPHT conditions in the presence of the metal-solvent catalyst that causes the diamond particles to bond to one another to form a matrix of bonded diamond grains defining a PCD element.

The cobalt or other metal-solvent catalyst (e.g., present as a cementing constituent in the substrate) liquefies and sweeps from a region adjacent to the volume of diamond particles into interstitial regions between the diamond particles during the HPHT process. The metal-solvent catalyst acts to promote intergrowth between the diamond particles, which results in the formation of a matrix of bonded diamond grains having diamond-to-diamond bonding therebetween, with interstitial regions between the bonded diamond grains being occupied by the metal-solvent catalyst.

Once the PCD element is formed, the metal-solvent catalyst may be leached from at least a portion of the PCD element through exposure to a suitable acid. Even after leaching, there may remain some fraction of residual metal-solvent catalyst within interstitial regions of the PCD element. Unleached PCD may also be employed.

Non-metallic catalysts can also be used in the formation of a PCD element. For example carbonate materials, particularly alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal carbonates, may be used to catalyze the desired intergrowth between diamond particles. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/185,457; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/070,636; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,635,035 disclose sintered PCD elements fabricated using carbonates that may be employed in any of the embodiments disclosed herein. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/185,457; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/070,636; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,635,035 are incorporated herein, in their entirety, by this reference. In such a case, the PCD element may include a non-metallic catalyst and/or at least one derivative thereof disposed within at least some of the interstitial regions of the PCD element. Most or substantially all of any non-metallic catalyst and/or at least one derivative thereof may be subsequently removed through leaching or another suitable process.

In addition to carbonate catalysts, other non-metallic catalysts include hydroxide catalysts (e.g., alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxides). One such suitable hydroxide may include magnesium hydroxide. Other non-metallic catalysts that may be suitable for use include phosphorus, sulfur, or combinations thereof. Another contemplated non-traditional catalyst that may be suitable for use is copper or copper alloys.

While diamond, particularly PCD may be particularly preferred, other superhard materials may also be employed for the bearing surfaces. As used herein, a superhard material employed for the bearing surface is a material exhibiting a hardness that is at least as hard as tungsten carbide. Examples of superhard materials include, but are not limited to, polycrystalline cubic boron nitride, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, tantalum carbide, other carbides exhibiting a hardness at least equal to that of tungsten carbide, diamond, or any combination of the foregoing. Types of diamond include, but are not limited to, natural diamond, polycrystalline diamond, a diamond-silicon carbide composite, diamond deposited by chemical vapor deposition, diamond or diamond-like carbon (e.g., amorphous carbon) deposited by physical vapor deposition, or other deposition technique, or other synthetic diamond.

FIGS. 1-3A show an isometric view, a cross-sectional view, and an exploded isometric view, respectively, of an embodiment of a turbine assembly 100, which may employ diamond or other superhard bearing surfaces therein. Assembly 100 may include a rotatable shaft 102, a compressor wheel 104, and a turbine wheel 106. Compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106 may each include a plurality of blades 104′ and 106′. Although shown with one compressor wheel 104 and one turbine wheel 106, it will be understood that in an embodiment, multiple compressor and/or turbine wheels may be provided.

As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3A, first and second thrust-bearing members 108 a and 108 b are disposed about shaft 102. First thrust-bearing member 108 a may be disposed adjacent to compressor wheel 104, between compressor wheel 104 and first radial bearing assembly 110 a, while second thrust-bearing member 108 b may be disposed adjacent to turbine wheel 106, between turbine wheel 106 and second radial bearing assembly 110 b. FIG. 3A shows an embodiment in which holes or lubricant supply channels are provided transversely through thrust-bearing members 108 a, 108 b, inner radial race 114 a, and inner radial race 114 b. FIG. 3B shows another embodiment, but in which the holes or lubricant supply channels are provided through radial outer race 112 a and 112 b. FIGS. 4A and 4B show close-up isometric views of a thrust-bearing member 108, as first and second thrust-bearing members 108 a and 108 b may be similarly configured.

In addition to thrust-bearing member 108 a and 108 b disposed about shaft 102, assembly 100 may further include first and second radial bearing assemblies 110 a and 110 b disposed about shaft 102. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, compressor and turbine wheels 104, 106 are disposed adjacent to opposite ends of shaft 102, with respective thrust-bearing members 108 a and 108 b disposed adjacent to each corresponding wheel. Respective radial bearing assemblies 110 a and 110 b are shown disposed between the thrust-bearing members 108 a, 108 b, with each radial bearing assembly disposed adjacent to a corresponding thrust-bearing member. FIGS. 5A and 5B show close-up views of a radial bearing assembly 110, as first and second radial bearing assemblies 110 a, 110 b may be differently, similarly, or identically configured.

Each radial bearing assembly 110, 110 a, 110 b may include an outer radial bearing member (e.g., a stator), also referred to as an outer race 112, 112 a or 112 b, and an inner radial bearing member (e.g., a rotor) that is also referred to as an inner race 114, 114 a, or 114 b. As radial bearing assemblies 110 a and 110 b may be similarly configured, reference will be made to radial bearing assembly 110 of FIGS. 5A and 5B. Both outer race 112 and inner race 114 include radial bearing surfaces that are oriented to be generally opposed to one another. For example, as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, where outer race 112 is shaped generally as a hollow cylinder, the inside diameter of outer race 112 may provide or at least support a radial bearing surface 116. Similarly, where inner race 114 is shaped generally as a hollow cylinder, the outside diameter of inner race 114 may provide or at least support a radial bearing surface 118.

In an embodiment, the radial bearing members or races 112, 114 themselves may be formed of a superhard material, such as polycrystalline diamond, so that the entire inside diameter 116 of outer race 112 and the entire outside diameter 118 of inner race 114 may provide the radial bearing surfaces. As shown in FIG. 6, in another embodiment, one or more bearing elements (e.g., PDCs) 120 including bearing surfaces 116 and 118 may be mounted on outer race 112 and inner race 114. For such a configuration, bearing surfaces 118 of elements 120 mounted to inner race 114 may be convexly curved to mate with the concave curvature of bearing surfaces 116 of elements 120 of outer race 112. The inner race 114 is positioned generally within the outer race 112 and, thus, the inner race 114 and outer race 112 may be configured so that the bearing surfaces 118 and 116 may at least partially contact one another and move relative to each other as the inner race 114 and outer race 112 rotate relative to each other during use.

As shown in FIG. 4A, thrust-bearing member 108 may be shaped generally as a hollow cylinder, and may include one or more lubricant supply channels 109 formed therethrough, generally transverse to a longitudinal axis A generally corresponding to shaft 102. Similarly, inner race 114 may include one or more lubricant supply channels 115 formed therethrough, generally transverse to longitudinal axis A. During operation, channels 115 and 109 may allow oil or other lubricating fluid to be delivered to the bearing surfaces. In other embodiments, one or more bearing elements in the turbine assembly may be operated without liquid lubricant (e.g., dry lubricated and/or air-cooled). Examples of dry lubricants include, but are not limited to graphite, fluoropolymers (e.g., Teflon), molybdenum disulfide, hexagonal boron nitride, tungsten disulfide, and combinations thereof. In an embodiment, as described above in conjunction with FIG. 3B, thrust-bearing member 108 and inner race 114 may not include channels 109 and 115, respectively, and similar channels may be provided within outer race 112. Such a configuration is shown in FIGS. 4B and 5C.

Where both inner race 114 and thrust-bearing member 108 are attached to shaft 102 via brazing, press-fitting, or another suitable technique and rotate with shaft 102, an inner planar surface 122 of thrust-bearing member 108 may be generally oriented opposed to and in bearing contact with a corresponding outwardly oriented planar surface 124 of outer race 112. Thus, outer race 112 may include both a radial bearing surface 116 (e.g., corresponding to the inside diameter of outer race 112) and a planar bearing surface 124 oriented to bear against corresponding planar bearing surface 122 of thrust-bearing member 108.

A bearing housing 126 may also be provided for housing thrust-bearing members 108 a, 108 b, as well as radial bearing assemblies 110 a and 110 b. Bearing housing 126 may include one or more lubricant supply channels disposed therethrough for supplying lubricant to the radial bearing assemblies, the thrust-bearing assemblies, or both.

By way of example, any of various PDCs or PCD tables may be employed as bearing members 108 112, or 114. For example, thrust-bearing member 108 may include a generally cylindrical PCD table or PDC through which a longitudinal hole has been formed (e.g., by electro-discharge machining, laser cutting, grinding, lapping, other method, or combinations thereof to achieve the desired geometry). Inner and outer races 114 and 112 may similarly include PCD elements or PDCs which have been shaped into a generally hollow cylinder. Alternatively, any of the bearing members 108, 112, or 114 may include an annular support ring body that may be fabricated from any suitable material, such as carbon steel, stainless steel, etc. over which a superhard material has been attached to provide the desired bearing surfaces. In another embodiment, one or more PDCs or PCD tables or other bodies may be mounted onto an annular support ring (e.g., as shown in FIG. 6) so that the bearing surface is provided by one or more PDCs or PCD bodies mounted on the support ring.

Outer races 112, 112 a or 112 b (or any stator) may be configured to prevent rotation of the stator. For example, the outer race or other stator may be press-fit, keyed, may include a set screw, may be pinned, etc. relative to, for example, bearing housing 126 to prevent rotation.

Diamond has substantially higher thermal conductivity than many other superhard materials, such as silicon carbide and other carbides. Where one or more of bearing surfaces 122, 124, 118, and 116 includes diamond, heat generated during operation may be better dissipated as compared to other superhard materials. Diamond provides substantially higher thermal conductivity than even conventional metal bearing materials typically employed in such journal bearing assemblies. Thus, a bearing assembly including superhard bearing surfaces, particularly diamond, may provide increased wear resistance as well as better thermal management characteristics.

FIGS. 7-11 show cross-sectional views of additional, generally simplified embodiments of other turbine assemblies. For example, FIG. 7 shows a turbine assembly 200, including a rotatable shaft 102, a compressor wheel 104, and a turbine wheel 106. Compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106 may each include a plurality of blades 104′ and 106′. A thrust-bearing member 208 is disposed about shaft 102 and bears against an opposing surface of compressor wheel 104 and an opposing surface of bearing housing. Such a configuration including a single superhard thrust-bearing member may be beneficial where wear is limited to a particular component (e.g., compressor wheel 104). While shown disposed adjacent to compressor wheel 104, in other embodiments, it will be understood that thrust-bearing member 208 may be disposed adjacent to turbine wheel 106 or anywhere therebetween, as desired.

FIG. 8 shows another turbine assembly 300 including a rotatable shaft 102, a compressor wheel 104, and a turbine wheel 106. Compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106 may each include a plurality of corresponding blades 104′ and 106′. A radial-bearing assembly 310 is disposed about shaft 102. Radial bearing assembly 310 may include an outer radial bearing member (e.g., a stator or outer race 312, and an inner radial bearing member (e.g., a rotor or inner race 314). For example, the outer race 312 may be coupled to bearing housing 126 via bonding (e.g., brazing or soldering), press-fitting, a mechanically connection (e.g., one or more fasteners, by key way, threaded attachment, or combinations thereof), or other suitable technique, and the inner race 314 may be coupled to shaft 102 by any of the same coupling techniques. While shown disposed at approximately a center point between compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106, in other embodiments, it will be understood that radial-bearing assembly 310 may be disposed adjacent to turbine wheel 106, adjacent to compressor wheel 104, or anywhere therebetween, as desired.

FIG. 9 shows another turbine assembly 400 including a rotatable shaft 102, a compressor wheel 104, and a turbine wheel 106. Compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106 may each include a plurality of corresponding blades 104′ and 106′. First and second radial-bearing assemblies 410 a and 410 b are disposed about shaft 102, with first radial bearing assembly disposed adjacent to compressor wheel 104, and second radial bearing assembly disposed adjacent to turbine wheel 106. First and second radial bearing assemblies 410 a and 410 b may each include an outer radial bearing member (e.g., a stator or outer race 412 a and 412 b, respectively) coupled to bearing housing 126, and an inner radial bearing member (e.g., a rotor or inner race 414 a and 414 b, respectively) coupled to shaft 102. While shown with one radial bearing assembly disposed to adjacent compressor wheel 104 and the other disposed adjacent to turbine wheel 106, in other embodiments, it will be understood that radial-bearing assemblies 410 a and 410 b may be disposed (e.g., one or more of them away from wheels 104, 106, towards a center region between wheels 104 and 106), as desired.

FIG. 10 shows another turbine assembly 500 including a rotatable shaft 102, a compressor wheel 104, and a turbine wheel 106. Compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106 may each include a plurality of corresponding blades 104′ and 106′. First and second combination thrust/radial-bearing assemblies 510 a and 510 b are disposed about shaft 102, with first combination bearing assembly 510 a disposed adjacent to compressor wheel 104, and second combination bearing assembly 510 b disposed adjacent to turbine wheel 106. Each combination bearing assembly 510 a and 510 b may include an inner combination bearing member (e.g., a rotor 514 a and 514 b, respectively) coupled to shaft 102 and an outer combination bearing member (e.g., a stator 512 a and 512 b, respectively) that may be coupled to bearing housing 126. Each inner bearing member 514 a, 514 b may include a radial bearing surface (i.e., 515 a, 515 b) and a thrust-bearing surface (i.e., 513 a, 513 b), which radial and thrust-bearing surfaces are oriented substantially perpendicular relative to one another. Similarly, each outer bearing member 512 a, 512 b may include a radial bearing surface (i.e., 517 a, 517 b) and a thrust-bearing surface (i.e., 511 a, 511 b). Radial bearing surfaces 517 a, 517 b are oriented to be generally opposed to corresponding radial bearing surfaces 515 a, 515 b, while thrust-bearing surfaces 511 a, 511 b are oriented to be opposed to corresponding thrust-bearing surfaces 513 a, 513 b.

FIG. 11 shows another turbine assembly 600 including a rotatable shaft 102, a compressor wheel 104, and a turbine wheel 106. Compressor wheel 104 and turbine wheel 106 may each include a plurality of corresponding blades 104′ and 106′. First and second combination thrust/radial-bearing assemblies 610 a and 610 b are disposed about shaft 102, with first combination bearing assembly 610 a disposed adjacent to compressor wheel 104, and second combination bearing assembly 610 b disposed to adjacent turbine wheel 106. Each combination bearing assembly 610 a and 610 b may include an inner combination bearing member (e.g., a rotor 614 a and 614 b, respectively) disposed about and coupled to shaft 102 and an outer combination bearing member (e.g., a stator 612 a and 612 b, respectively) that may be coupled to bearing housing 126. Each inner bearing member 614 a, 614 b may include an angled (e.g., from about 30° to about 60°, or about 45°) combination radial and thrust-bearing surface (i.e., 615 a, 615 b). Each outer bearing member 612 a, 612 b may include a correspondingly angled combination radial and thrust-bearing surface (i.e., 617 a, 617 b). Combination bearing surfaces 617 a, 617 b are oriented to be generally opposed to corresponding combination bearing surfaces 615 a, 615 b.

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments are contemplated. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, the words “including,” “having,” and variants thereof (e.g., “includes” and “has”) as used herein, including the claims, shall be open ended and have the same meaning as the word “comprising” and variants thereof (e.g., “comprise” and “comprises”). 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A turbine assembly for use in an engine, the turbine assembly comprising: a rotatable shaft; a compressor wheel coupled to the shaft; a turbine wheel spaced from the compressor wheel and coupled to the shaft; a first radial bearing assembly disposed about a portion of the shaft, the first radial bearing assembly positioned adjacent to the compressor wheel, the first radial bearing assembly including a first radial bearing member including a first radial member superhard bearing surface and a first radial bearing race including a first radial race superhard bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the first radial member superhard bearing surface, each of the first radial member superhard bearing surface and the first radial race superhard bearing surface including sintered polycrystalline diamond; and a second radial bearing assembly spaced from the first radial bearing assembly and disposed about another portion of the shaft, the second radial bearing assembly positioned adjacent to the turbine wheel, the second radial bearing assembly including a second radial bearing member including a second radial member superhard bearing surface and a second radial bearing race including a second radial race superhard bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the second radial member superhard bearing surface, each of the second radial member superhard bearing surface and the second radial race superhard bearing surface including sintered polycrystalline diamond.
 2. The turbine assembly of claim 1 wherein the sintered polycrystalline diamond includes a plurality of interstitial regions at least partially occupied by at least one catalyst.
 3. The turbine assembly of claim 1 wherein at least one of the sintered polycrystalline diamond of at least one of the first radial bearing member or the first radial bearing race is bonded to a substrate or the sintered polycrystalline diamond of at least one of the second radial bearing members or the second radial bearing race is bonded to a substrate.
 4. The turbine assembly of claim 1, further comprising a first thrust-bearing member disposed about a further position of the shaft and adjacent to one of the compressor wheel or turbine wheel, the first thrust-bearing member including a first thrust-bearing superhard surface; wherein at least one of the first radial bearing member or the first radial bearing race further includes a first radial thrust-bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the first thrust-bearing superhard bearing surface of the first thrust-bearing member.
 5. The turbine assembly of claim 4, further comprising: a second thrust-bearing member disposed about the shaft and adjacent to the turbine wheel, the second thrust-bearing member including a second thrust-bearing superhard thrust-bearing surface; and wherein at least one of the second radial bearing member or the second radial bearing race further includes a second radial thrust-bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the second thrust-bearing superhard bearing surface of the second thrust-bearing member.
 6. The turbine assembly of claim 5 wherein each of the first and second radial bearing races and each of the first and second radial bearing members is generally shaped as a hollow cylinder and each of the first and second radial bearing members is concentric with a corresponding one of the first and second radial bearing races.
 7. The turbine assembly of claim 6, wherein at least one of the radial bearing races or members includes one or more lubricant supply channels formed generally transverse therethrough.
 8. The turbine assembly of claim 5 wherein each of the first and second thrust-bearing members is generally shaped as a hollow cylinder.
 9. The turbine assembly of claim 8 wherein at least one of the first or second thrust-bearing members includes one or more lubricant supply channels formed generally transverse therethrough.
 10. The turbine assembly of claim 5 wherein each of the first and second thrust-bearing members includes a generally cylindrical polycrystalline diamond body with a longitudinal hole formed therethrough that receives the rotatable shaft.
 11. The turbine assembly of claim 5 wherein each radial bearing member and race includes a generally cylindrical sintered polycrystalline diamond body with a longitudinal hole formed therethrough.
 12. A turbine assembly for use in an engine, the turbine assembly comprising: a rotatable shaft; a compressor wheel coupled to the shaft; a turbine wheel spaced from the compressor wheel and coupled to the shaft; a first thrust-bearing member disposed about the shaft and adjacent to one of the compressor wheel or turbine wheel, the first thrust-bearing member including a first thrust-bearing superhard bearing surface; a first radial bearing member disposed about the shaft and adjacent to the first thrust-bearing member, the first radial bearing member including: a first radial bearing stator including a first radial stator superhard bearing surface; a first radial bearing rotor coupled to the shaft, the first radial bearing rotor including a first radial rotor superhard bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the first radial stator superhard bearing surface of the first radial bearing stator; wherein at least one of the first radial bearing stator or the first radial bearing rotor further includes a first radial thrust-bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the first thrust-bearing superhard bearing surface of the first thrust-bearing member; a second radial bearing member disposed about the shaft; wherein each of the first and second radial bearing members includes sintered polycrystalline diamond, wherein the sintered polycrystalline diamond defines a superhard bearing surface.
 13. The turbine assembly of claim 12 wherein the sintered polycrystalline diamond includes a plurality of interstitial regions at least partially occupied by at least one catalyst.
 14. The turbine assembly of claim 12, further comprising a second thrust-bearing member disposed adjacent to the second radial bearing member.
 15. The turbine assembly of claim 14, wherein the second radial bearing member includes: a second radial bearing stator including a second radial stator superhard bearing surface and a generally planar second thrust-bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the second thrust-bearing surface of the second thrust-bearing member; a second radial bearing rotor coupled to the shaft, the second radial bearing rotor including a second radial rotor superhard radial bearing surface oriented generally opposed to the second radial superhard bearing surface of the second radial bearing stator.
 16. The turbine assembly of claim 15 wherein each of the first and second radial bearing rotors is generally shaped as a hollow cylinder.
 17. The turbine assembly of claim 16 wherein the each of the first and second radial bearing stators is generally shaped as a hollow cylinder.
 18. The turbine assembly of claim 15 wherein each of the first and second thrust-bearing members is generally shaped as a hollow cylinder.
 19. The turbine assembly of claim 15 wherein each of the first and second thrust-bearing members includes a generally cylindrical polycrystalline diamond body with a longitudinal hole formed therethrough that receives the rotatable shaft.
 20. The turbine assembly of claim 15 wherein each of the first and second radial bearing stators and rotors includes a generally cylindrical sintered polycrystalline diamond body with a longitudinal hole formed therethrough.
 21. A turbine assembly for use in an engine, the turbine assembly comprising: a rotatable shaft; a compressor wheel coupled to the shaft; a turbine wheel spaced from the compressor wheel, the turbine wheel being coupled to the shaft; first and second thrust-bearing members disposed about the shaft, the first thrust-bearing member being disposed adjacent to the compressor wheel, and the second thrust-bearing member being disposed adjacent to the turbine wheel, each of the first and second thrust-bearing members including a generally cylindrical sintered polycrystalline diamond body having a longitudinal hole formed therethrough that receives the rotatable shaft, each of the first and second thrust-bearing members defining a generally planar superhard thrust-bearing surface; and first and second radial bearing members disposed about the shaft; wherein the first radial bearing member is disposed adjacent to the first thrust-bearing member and includes a first radial thrust-bearing surface oriented to generally oppose the generally planar superhard thrust-bearing surface of the first thrust-bearing member; wherein the second radial bearing member is disposed adjacent to the second thrust-bearing member and includes a second radial thrust-bearing surface oriented to generally oppose the generally planar superhard thrust-bearing surface of the second thrust-bearing member. 